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Papal orders of knighthood
Papal Orders of Knighthood or Pontifical Orders of Knighthood are awarded in the name of the Pope by his authority as head of the Catholic Church and as the head of state of the Holy See. Historically, membership in these orders was conferred by papal bulls, which were not signed by the Pope, or by apostolic letters, which were signed by the Pope himself. Since the reforms made in the structure of these orders at the beginning of the 20th century, the diplomas have been signed by the Cardinal Secretary of State.
Papal orders generally refer to the Holy See's five Equestrian Orders awarded directly by the Supreme Pontiff as head of the Catholic Church and the Holy See: the Supreme Order of Christ, the Order of the Golden Spur, the Order of Pius IX, the Order of Saint Gregory the Great, and the Order of Saint Sylvester. However, the term often includes the Order of the Holy Sepulchre as it is under the direct protection of the pope, who is sovereign of the order, and which has a cardinal as grand master. (This is not the case with the Sovereign Military Order of Malta which is an internationally recognized sovereign order of chivalry represented at the Holy See by an ambassador.)〔Press Release of the Secretariat of State (Holy See), December 2012: http://www.news.va/en/news/note-of-clarification-from-the-secretariat-of-stat〕
==Equestrian orders==
Of the papal orders the highest, and most infrequently awarded, is the Supreme Order of Christ. The second order is the equally rare Order of the Golden Spur, the third is the Order of Pius IX, the fourth is the Order of Saint Gregory the Great, and the fifth is the Order of Saint Sylvester Pope and Martyr. The awards of the Orders of Christ and the Golden Spur are made at the express wish of the Pope, in consultation with the Cardinal Secretary of State. Awards of the Order of Pius are made to heads of state and senior members of their household at the time of official visits to the Holy See, to senior members of diplomatic missions accredited to the Vatican, and exceptionally, to those who have particularly served the Pope or the Holy See, at the discretion of the Cardinal Secretary of State. Awards of the latter two orders are generally made on the recommendation of diocesan bishops, with the support of the apostolic nuncio.
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